DNA RNA AND BIOLOGY
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Health and Medical
This content For DNA RNA Biology
On January 31, Sanford-Burnham, Florida Hospital and Takeda Pharmaceutical celebrated
their new research alliance with a signing ceremony steeped in Japanese
tradition. Representatives from each organization met at
Sanford-Burnham’s Lake Nona campus in Orlando to sign the agreement and
exchange gifts.
The drawing of one “eye” on a Daruma doll held special significance for the Japanese scientists. As Takeda executives explained, at the start of a new undertaking, partners color in one eye of the doll. Later, if discovery efforts are successful – isolating a new target or a good lead compound — the team will fill in the remaining eye. Dr. Paul Chapman, general manager of Takeda’s research division, joked that the particularly large doll was symbolic of the big challenges ahead. Takeda, the largest pharmaceutical company in Japan, is committed to discovering new therapeutics to treat obesity and diabetes.
“We are delighted to have found the world-class talent that we are seeking here in Central Florida,” Dr. Chapman said.
(more…)
The drawing of one “eye” on a Daruma doll held special significance for the Japanese scientists. As Takeda executives explained, at the start of a new undertaking, partners color in one eye of the doll. Later, if discovery efforts are successful – isolating a new target or a good lead compound — the team will fill in the remaining eye. Dr. Paul Chapman, general manager of Takeda’s research division, joked that the particularly large doll was symbolic of the big challenges ahead. Takeda, the largest pharmaceutical company in Japan, is committed to discovering new therapeutics to treat obesity and diabetes.
“We are delighted to have found the world-class talent that we are seeking here in Central Florida,” Dr. Chapman said.
(more…)
DNA and RNA, Biology
DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid.
Two chains of four chemical bases (abbreviated A, T, C and G) make up
DNA and act as a cell’s recipe book to make proteins. The particular
sequence of a DNA chain – meaning the precise order of the four
chemical bases – determines what protein
will be made. A DNA segment beginning with ATTCGC would produce a very
different protein than one that starts with CCGTAT. This can be likened
to adjusting the order of letters in a word. Though the letters are the
same, the meaning changes. For example, act means something very different than cat.
Not all DNA is destined to become a protein. Just as a recipe might contain more information than just a list of ingredients, only some regions of your DNA – called genes – are directly translated into proteins. Cellular machinery follows the instructions written in a gene’s recipe to create a corresponding sequence of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which is chemically similar to DNA but acts as a messenger, carrying the recipe from the nucleus. Out in the cell’s cytosol, the mRNA sequence is read by more machines, called ribosomes. Following the mRNA instructions, ribosomes string together amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. Proteins do most of the work in the cell.
As cells divide, producing two cells where there was once only one, the parent cell’s DNA is duplicated and the same protein-making recipe is passed on to the daughter cell.
Not all DNA is destined to become a protein. Just as a recipe might contain more information than just a list of ingredients, only some regions of your DNA – called genes – are directly translated into proteins. Cellular machinery follows the instructions written in a gene’s recipe to create a corresponding sequence of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which is chemically similar to DNA but acts as a messenger, carrying the recipe from the nucleus. Out in the cell’s cytosol, the mRNA sequence is read by more machines, called ribosomes. Following the mRNA instructions, ribosomes string together amino acids, the building blocks that make up proteins. Proteins do most of the work in the cell.
As cells divide, producing two cells where there was once only one, the parent cell’s DNA is duplicated and the same protein-making recipe is passed on to the daughter cell.
Diabetes
Diabetes results from a lack of insulin, a hormone that stimulates cells to take up glucose (a type of sugar) from the bloodstream. Cells need glucose as fuel to produce energy. Type 1 diabetics
lack insulin because their immune systems destroy the pancreatic cells
that produce it. Type 2 diabetics progress through two stages of the
disease. In the first stage, called “insulin resistance”, cells no
longer respond to insulin. The pancreas compensates for this
resistance by producing more insulin. As insulin resistance persists,
the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep up with the increased
demand. The pancreas eventually shuts down insulin production
altogether, resulting in type 2 diabetes.
Without sugar that can be converted to energy, cells starve and glucose levels build up in the blood, which can lead to life-threatening complications such as cardiovascular disease. Since fat interferes with the body’s ability to process insulin and overweight people are at increased risk for the disease, type 2 diabetes is sometimes called “obesity-related” diabetes. Type 2 diabetics are encouraged to carefully monitor their diet and exercise in order to prevent dangerous fluctuations in blood sugar levels.
Without sugar that can be converted to energy, cells starve and glucose levels build up in the blood, which can lead to life-threatening complications such as cardiovascular disease. Since fat interferes with the body’s ability to process insulin and overweight people are at increased risk for the disease, type 2 diabetes is sometimes called “obesity-related” diabetes. Type 2 diabetics are encouraged to carefully monitor their diet and exercise in order to prevent dangerous fluctuations in blood sugar levels.
DNA
When we studied "The Cell", we learned
that DNA is enclosed in a nucleus, which is itself in a cell. The DNA of
an individual is not readily available, and in order to study it, there
is a considerable number of things which need to be done.
Your sample can be a whole (small) animal, like an aphid, or a fly, if you work in agriculture. A lot of the tissues in the housefly are hard, and waterproof. They need to be broken physically before the purification starts. During purification, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids will be removed from the sample to leave only DNA.
For some DNA projects, like the study of a special gene, you might want to prepare RNA first. When you have your messenger RNA, it is easy to make what we call cDNA, which is DNA made from mRNA. cDNA is used a lot in research, to study genes, and proteins.
DNA Purification In research, in medical labs, or in police forensic labs, the sample is often very small, and some of the steps in the purification of DNA involve the use of dangerous components.
In a classroom, your sample, usually some cress, or onion, has a lot of DNA, and is easy to extract.
Your sample can be a whole (small) animal, like an aphid, or a fly, if you work in agriculture. A lot of the tissues in the housefly are hard, and waterproof. They need to be broken physically before the purification starts. During purification, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids will be removed from the sample to leave only DNA.
For some DNA projects, like the study of a special gene, you might want to prepare RNA first. When you have your messenger RNA, it is easy to make what we call cDNA, which is DNA made from mRNA. cDNA is used a lot in research, to study genes, and proteins.
DNA Purification In research, in medical labs, or in police forensic labs, the sample is often very small, and some of the steps in the purification of DNA involve the use of dangerous components.
In a classroom, your sample, usually some cress, or onion, has a lot of DNA, and is easy to extract.
RNA
There are three main classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA
(tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Each of the classes is important in some
aspect of
protein
synthesis. The nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA specifies the order
of
amino acids
in the protein which it encodes. A cell contains many different mRNA
molecules, each being the blueprint for a different protein. Although
mRNAs are the least abundant class of RNA, they are the most
heterogeneous
.
Ribosomes
play an important role in protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is
an important structural component of ribosomes. rRNA is the most abundant
type of RNA. tRNAs act as adaptors in protein synthesis, in that they read
the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA and deliver the correct amino acid
to the growing
polypeptide
chain.
Most scientists believe that life has evolved from what was essentially an "RNA world." In today's world, most organisms store their genetic information in DNA and use proteins (encoded by DNA) to catalyze biologically important chemical reactions. RNA molecules, however, are believed to have been the first biological catalysts. Through evolution, some of these RNA molecules gained the ability to replicate themselves, and through many rounds of replication, the RNA molecules gained new capabilities, such as the ability to code for and synthesize proteins. Eventually, the RNA genome was replaced with DNA.
Read more: RNA - Biology Encyclopedia - body, different, organisms, DNA, life, used, molecules, protein, role http://www.biologyreference.com/Re-Se/RNA.html#ixzz1DT6JWfQL
Most scientists believe that life has evolved from what was essentially an "RNA world." In today's world, most organisms store their genetic information in DNA and use proteins (encoded by DNA) to catalyze biologically important chemical reactions. RNA molecules, however, are believed to have been the first biological catalysts. Through evolution, some of these RNA molecules gained the ability to replicate themselves, and through many rounds of replication, the RNA molecules gained new capabilities, such as the ability to code for and synthesize proteins. Eventually, the RNA genome was replaced with DNA.
Read more: RNA - Biology Encyclopedia - body, different, organisms, DNA, life, used, molecules, protein, role http://www.biologyreference.com/Re-Se/RNA.html#ixzz1DT6JWfQL